Online Maker Tools & Calculators
Instant, 100% client-side electronics solvers, color-band & EIA capacitor decoders, and mechanical bench references. Zero sign-ups, zero latency.
Ohm's Law, Voltage Divider & LED Current-Limiting Calculators
1. Ohm's Law & Power
V = I × R · P = V × IEnter Voltage (V) and Resistance (Ω) to solve Current (I) and Power dissipation (P).
2. Voltage Divider (Vout)
Vout = Vin × R2/(R1+R2)Calculate output voltage for sensor scaling or 5V → 3.3V / 1.8V signal conditioning.
3. LED Series Resistor
R = (Vs − Vf) / IFind the exact and nearest standard E12 resistor to protect your indicator LEDs.
Interactive 4-Band & 5-Band Resistor Color Code Calculator
EIA Standard Color Code Chart
| Color | Digit | Multiplier | Tolerance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black | 0 | ×1 Ω | — |
| Brown | 1 | ×10 Ω | ±1% (F) |
| Red | 2 | ×100 Ω | ±2% (G) |
| Orange | 3 | ×1 kΩ | — |
| Yellow | 4 | ×10 kΩ | — |
| Green | 5 | ×100 kΩ | ±0.5% (D) |
| Blue | 6 | ×1 MΩ | ±0.25% (C) |
| Violet | 7 | ×10 MΩ | ±0.1% (B) |
| Grey | 8 | ×100 MΩ | ±0.05% |
| White | 9 | ×1 GΩ | — |
| Gold | — | ×0.1 Ω | ±5% (J) |
| Silver | — | ×0.01 Ω | ±10% (K) |
Capacitor Guide & 3-Digit EIA Code Converter
Interactive EIA Code Decoder
(D1·D2) × 10^M pF
Enter a 3-digit ceramic disc marking (such as 104, 103, 472, or 220) to convert between picofarads, nanofarads, and microfarads.
EIA Ceramic Decade Reference Table
| Code | µF | nF | pF | Typical Bench Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 220 | 0.000022 | 0.022 | 22 pF | 16MHz Crystal Load |
| 101 | 0.0001 | 0.1 | 100 pF | RF / High-Freq Filter |
| 102 | 0.001 | 1 nF | 1,000 pF | Audio / PWM Snubber |
| 103 | 0.01 | 10 nF | 10,000 pF | NE555 Control Pin 5 |
| 104 | 0.1 µF | 100 nF | 100,000 | IC VCC Decoupling |
| 474 | 0.47 µF | 470 nF | 470,000 | LDO Input Buffer |
| 105 | 1.0 µF | 1,000 nF | 1,000,000 | Regulator Stabilization |
| 106 | 10 µF | 10,000 | 10⁷ pF | Rail Bulk Filtering |
Polarity & Bench Safety Reference
Radial cylinder with a white/silver minus (−) stripe marking the Cathode (−) lead (shorter leg). The longer leg is the Anode (+). Never reverse-bias or exceed the voltage rating (use ≥16V caps on 9V–12V motor rails).
Unlike electrolytics, the printed stripe and + mark on a Tantalum capacitor indicate the POSITIVE (+) Anode terminal. Reversing a tantalum capacitor causes immediate thermal runaway.
Ceramic (104) and polyester film capacitors have no polarity and can be inserted either way in AC or DC decoupling paths.
AWG Wire Gauge, Metric Screws, Board CAD & Processor Guide
American Wire Gauge (AWG) Conductor & Ampacity Reference
COPPER @ 20°C| AWG | Diameter (mm) | Area (mm²) | Resistance (Ω/km) | Max Chassis Current | Common Maker Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 AWG | 2.05 mm | 3.31 mm² | 5.21 Ω | 41 A | High-current LiPo battery main bus |
| 14 AWG | 1.63 mm | 2.08 mm² | 8.29 Ω | 32 A | 3D printer heated bed / 12V–24V PSU leads |
| 16 AWG | 1.29 mm | 1.31 mm² | 13.17 Ω | 22 A | 6-DoF robotic arm main 5V/6V servo power bus |
| 18 AWG | 1.02 mm | 0.82 mm² | 20.95 Ω | 16 A | DC gearmotors, L298N / L293D motor outputs |
| 20 AWG | 0.81 mm | 0.52 mm² | 33.31 Ω | 11 A | Heavy-dutyMG996R servo leads & NeoPixel strips |
| 22 AWG | 0.64 mm | 0.33 mm² | 52.96 Ω | 7.0 A | Standard solid-core breadboard & Protoshield hookup wire |
| 24 AWG | 0.51 mm | 0.20 mm² | 84.22 Ω | 3.5 A | Standard DuPont jumper cables, I2C/UART sensors |
| 26 AWG | 0.40 mm | 0.13 mm² | 133.9 Ω | 2.2 A | Ribbon cables, SG90/MG90S micro servo leads |
| 28 AWG | 0.32 mm | 0.08 mm² | 212.9 Ω | 1.4 A | Low-current signal jumpers & SMD rework bridges |
| 30 AWG | 0.25 mm | 0.05 mm² | 338.6 Ω | 0.86 A | Kynar wire-wrap & fine PCB trace repair |
Metric Fasteners, PCB Standoffs & 3D Print Hole Clearances
ISO METRIC COARSE| Thread Size | Pitch (mm) | Tap Drill (mm) | Close Fit (mm) | Free Fit (mm) | Standard Board / Frame Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M2 | 0.40 mm | 1.60 mm | 2.20 mm | 2.40 mm | Arduino Nano, micro breakout sensors, SG90 horns |
| M2.5 | 0.45 mm | 2.05 mm | 2.70 mm | 2.90 mm | Raspberry Pi 4B / 5 mounting holes (Ø2.75mm) |
| M3 | 0.50 mm | 2.50 mm | 3.20 mm | 3.40 mm | Arduino Uno R3 / Uno Q (Ø3.2mm), P³ Standoffs, 2WD Chassis |
| M4 | 0.70 mm | 3.30 mm | 4.30 mm | 4.50 mm | 2020 V-Slot aluminum extrusion T-nuts & arm bases |
| M5 | 0.80 mm | 4.20 mm | 5.30 mm | 5.50 mm | Heavy gantry brackets & Lazy Susan turntable bearings |
Development Board Mechanical CAD Dimensions & I/O Domains
TOLERANCE: ±0.1mm| Board | PCB Footprint (L × W) | Mounting Holes | GPIO Voltage | Critical Hardware Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arduino UNO Q | 68.6 × 53.4 mm | 4 × Ø3.2mm (M3) | 3.3V MCU / 1.8V MPU | STM32 headers run at 3.3V; Qualcomm JMISC runs at 1.8V (requires level shifting). |
| Arduino Uno R3 | 68.6 × 53.4 mm | 4 × Ø3.2mm (M3) | 5.0V TTL | D7–D8 header gap is 160 mil (4.06mm) instead of standard 100 mil (2.54mm). |
| Raspberry Pi 4B | 85.0 × 56.0 mm | 4 × Ø2.75mm (M2.5) | 3.3V CMOS | 58.0 × 49.0mm hole pattern; 40-pin GPIO is strictly 3.3V (not 5V tolerant). |
| ESP32 DevKitC | 54.4 × 27.9 mm | Pin-Header Mount | 3.3V CMOS | 25.4mm (1.0") row spacing; leaves 1 row exposed on standard breadboards. |
| Arduino Nano | 45.0 × 18.0 mm | 4 × Ø1.8mm (M1.6/M2) | 5.0V TTL | 15.24mm (0.6") DIP-30 pin pitch; fits effortlessly on mini breadboards. |
Deterministic Real-Time IO
Single-chip processor with integrated Flash, SRAM, ADC, PWM timers, and UART/I2C/SPI peripherals (e.g. ATmega328P, STM32U585). Boots instantly and executes microsecond-accurate hardware control without an OS.
Full Linux OS & Application Host
Multi-core application processor with external LPDDR RAM and MMU running Debian/Ubuntu Linux (e.g. Qualcomm QRB2210 on Uno Q, Broadcom BCM2711 on Pi 4B). Ideal for running VTM Studio, Python, and AI stacks.
Quantized Tensor Inference
Dedicated INT8/FP16 multiply-accumulate array engineered to run local computer vision (EfficientDet, YOLO) and quantized GGUF language models at high TOPS/watt.
Massive Parallel SIMD
Thousands of parallel compute cores for 3D viewport rendering, shader pipelines, and high-throughput LLM token generation via Metal / CUDA / Vulkan.
Reconfigurable Hardware Gates
Hardware lookup tables (LUTs) and flip-flops wired via Verilog/VHDL to execute custom parallel bus protocols and nanosecond-latency encoder processing.
Heterogeneous Compute Die
Integrates CPU cores, GPU, DSP, NPU, memory controllers, and Wi-Fi/BT radios onto a single silicon package for compact edge robotics.
All Reference Mode Tools Ship Inside VTM Studio ($9.99 Maker Pack)
Plus Code Mode (arduino-cli), Layout Mode (.psd/.svg CAD), Spec Mode datasheets, Vision Mode, and local AI.